Lastly, the ratio of the outer edge of the eye to the center of the nose with the inner edge of the eye to the center of the nose.Ratio of the width of the eye to the width of the iris for both eyes.Ratio from the center of the pupil to the bottom of the teeth to the ratio from the bottom of the teeth to the bottom of the chin.When researchers applied the golden ratio to the human face, they found that the closer the facial relationships were to 1.618, the more people consider the face beautiful. Repeating the process for subsets of design, such as column sizes, helps maintain a page that is attractive to the human eye. The result is the most proportional width for the page. For example, take the height of a page and divide it by 1.618. Apply this perfect ratio to parts of a design, as well as the design itself. Whether it is the design of a web page or a painting masterpiece, ensuring the proportions approximate the golden ratio means the result will be visually appealing. Phi is the first letter of Phidias’ name and is the equivalent of the letter F, which is the first letter of Fibonacci’s name. In the 20th century, the ratio was assigned the Greek letter phi. However, the term golden was not applied to the ratio until 1815 when Martin Ohm used it in his book The Pure Elementary Mathematics. Da Vinci used the ratio to establish the table dimensions and the relative positioning of the disciples to make the painting more proportional and visually appealing. Leonardo Da Vinci’s The Last Supper is often cited as an example of the golden ratio’s application in art. It was used extensively during the Renaissance to achieve balance and beauty in art. In 1509, Luca Pacioli’s dissertation presented the idea that 1.618 formed the basis for the Divine Proportion or Ratio. In the 4th century BCE, Euclid discovered what he called the golden mean of 1.618, which he linked to the construction of a pentagram. Plato saw the golden section as binding mathematical and physical relationships. Phidias used the ratio to design the Parthenon sculptures. The first recorded use of the golden ratio or phi occurred in the 5th century BCE in Greece. It appears in ancient writings under different names such as golden mean, golden section, and the divine ratio. Like pi, the Golden Ratio has existed since the beginning of time. The ratio of a term in its sequence to the one before it approaches the golden ratio. Further, the Fibonacci sequence has a special relationship with the golden ratio. The numeric sequence appears in a book published by Leonardo Fibonacci in the 12th century, although civilizations were aware of its existence before then. The Fibonacci sequence of DaVinci Code fame is a sequence of numbers where each number is the sum of the previous two numbers. We have known about pi since Archimedes first calculated it (287-212 BCE). No matter the size of the circle, the ratio will always be pi or 3.14159. Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Pi is another value known more by its name than its value. The golden ratio and Fibonacci sequence are two such numbers. Certain numeric values are named because they have unusual properties.
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